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- *************************
- * Tyrosinase signatures *
- *************************
-
- Tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) [1] is a copper monooxygenases that catalyzes the
- hydroxylation of monophenols and the oxidation of o-diphenols to o-quinols.
- This enzyme, found in prokaryotes as well as in eukaryotes, is involved in the
- formation of pigments such as melanins and other polyphenolic compounds.
-
- Tyrosinase binds two copper ions (CuA and CuB). Each of the two copper ion has
- been shown [2] to be bound by three conserved histidines residues. The regions
- around these copper-binding ligands are well conserved and also shared by some
- hemocyanins, which are copper-containing oxygen carriers from the hemolymph of
- many molluscs and arthropods [3,4].
-
- At least two proteins related to tyrosinase are known to exist in mammals:
-
- - TRP-1 (also known as gp75, or tyrosinase-related protein (trp)), which has
- recently been shown [5] to express a catalase-type activity.
- - TRP-2 [6], which is the melanogenic enzyme DOPAchrome tautomerase
- (EC 5.3.3.12) that catalyzes the conversion of DOPAchrome to 5,6-
- dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA).
-
- The Caenorhabditis elegans hypothetical protein C02C2.1 also belongs to to the
- tyrosine family.
-
- We have derived two signature patterns for tyrosinases and related proteins.
- The first one contains two of the histidines that bind CuA, and is located in
- the N-terminal section of tyrosinase. The second pattern contains a histidine
- that binds CuB, that pattern is located in the central section of the enzyme.
-
- -Consensus pattern: H-x(4)-F-[LIVMT]-x-W-H-R-x(2)-[LM]-x(3)-E
- [The two H's are copper ligands]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: NONE.
-
- -Consensus pattern: D-P-x-F-[LIVMFYW]-x(2)-H-x(3)-D
- [H is a copper ligand]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL the
- tyrosinases as well as all the hemocyanins.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: NONE.
-
- -Last update: June 1994 / Patterns and text revised.
-
- [ 1] Lerch K.
- Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 256:85-98(1988).
- [ 2] Jackman M.P., Hajnal A., Lerch K.
- Biochem. J. 274:707-713(1991).
- [ 3] Linzen B.
- Naturwissenschaften 76:206-211(1989).
- [ 4] Lang W.H., van Holde K.E.
- Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88:244-248(1991).
- [ 5] Halaban R., Moellmann G.
- Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87:4809-4813(1990).
- [ 6] Jackson I.J., Chambers D.M., Tsukamoto K., Copeland N.G., Gilbert D.J.,
- Jenkins N.A., Hearing V.
- EMBO J. 11:527-535(1992).
-